Espresso (Java on Truffle)

Using GraalVM, you can run Java applications normally on the JVM, in Native Image, and now on Truffle. Java on Truffle is an implementation of the Java Virtual Machine Specification, Java SE 8 and Java SE 11, built upon GraalVM as a Truffle interpreter. It is a minified Java VM that includes all core components of a VM, implements the same API as the Java Runtime Environment library (libjvm.so), and reuses all JARs and native libraries from GraalVM. See the Implementation Details for more information. The project name behind this implementation is “Espresso”. Its open source version is available on GitHub.

The Java on Truffle execution mode runs Java via a Java bytecode interpreter, implemented with the Truffle framework – an open-source library for writing interpreters for programming languages. Now Java can be executed by the same principle as other languages in the GraalVM ecosystem (JavaScript, Ruby, Python, R), directly interoperate with those languages, and pass data back and forth in the same memory space. Besides complete language interoperability, with Java on Truffle you can:

run Java bytecode in a separate context from the host Java VM.
run either a Java 8, Java 11, Java 17, or Java 21 guest JVM, allowing to embed e.g. a Java 17 context in a Java 21 application, by using GraalVM’s Polyglot API
leverage the whole stack of tools provided by the Truffle framework, not previously available for Java.
have an improved isolation of the host Java VM and the Java program running on Truffle, so you can run less trusted guest code.
run in the context of a native executable while still allowing dynamically-loaded bytecodes.

Java on Truffle passes the Java Compatibility Kit (JCK or TCK for Java SE).

Getting Started #

As of GraalVM for JDK 21, Java on Truffle (known as Espresso) is available as a standalone distribution. You can download a standalone based on Oracle GraalVM or GraalVM Community Edition.

Download the Java on Truffle (Espresso) 23.1 standalone for your operating system:
Unzip the archive:
Note: If you are using macOS Catalina and later you may need to remove the quarantine attribute:
```
 sudo xattr -r -d com.apple.quarantine <archive>.tar.gz
```
Extact:
```
 tar -xzf <archive>.tar.gz
```
A standalone comes with a JVM in addition to its native launcher. Check the version to see the Java on Truffle runtime is active:
```
 # Path to Java on Truffle (Espresso) installation
 ./path/to/bin/java -truffle -version
```

Run Java on Truffle #

You can run a Java application on Truffle by passing the -truffle flag to the standard java launcher. This is similar to how you used to switch between the -client and -server JVMs.

To execute a class file:

java -truffle [options] class

To execute a JAR file:

java -truffle [options] -jar jarfile

Using Java 11 based GraalVM distribution, you can also run a Java application from the main class in a module, or run a single source-file program:

java -truffle [options] -m module[/<mainclass>]
java -truffle [options] sourcefile

By default, Java on Truffle runs within GraalVM by reusing all GraalVM’s JARs and native libraries, but it is possible to “cross-version” and specify a different Java installation directory (java.home). It will automatically switch versions regardless of the host JVM.

java -truffle --java.JavaHome=/path/to/java/home -version

Performance Considerations #

The startup time will not match the speed offered by the regular GraalVM just-in-time (JIT) execution yet, but having created a fully working Java on Truffle runtime, the development team is now focusing on performance. You can still influence the performance by passing the following options to java -truffle:

--engine.MultiTier=true to enable multi-tier compilation;
--engine.Inlining=false in combination with --java.InlineFieldAccessors=true to make the compilation faster, in exchange for slower performance.

The --vm.XX: syntax ensures the option is passed to the underlying Native Image VM. When using the -XX: syntax, the VM first checks if there is such an option in the Java on Truffle runtime. If there is none, it will try to apply this option to the underlying Native Image VM. This might be important for options such as MaxDirectMemorySize which can be set independently at both levels: -XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=256M controls how much native memory can be reserved by the Java program running on Truffle (the guest VM), while --vm.XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=256M controls how much native memory can be reserved by Native Image (the host VM).

Start Running Applications #

From Command Line

To ensure you have successfully installed Java on Truffle, verify its version:

# Path to Java on Truffle (Espresso) installation
./path/to/bin/java -truffle -version

Taking this HelloWorld.java example, compile it and run from the command line:

public class HelloWorld {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    System.out.println("Hello, World!");
  }
}

$JAVA_HOME/bin/javac HelloWorld.java
$JAVA_HOME/bin/java -truffle HelloWorld
HelloWorld.java!

Taking some real-world applications, try running Spring PetClinic - a sample web application that demonstrates the use of Spring Boot with Spring MVC and Spring Data JPA.

Clone the project and navigate to the project’s directory:

git clone https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-petclinic.git
cd spring-petclinic

Build a JAR file (Spring PetClinic is built with Maven):
```
./mvnw package
```

Then run it from the command line by selecting the -truffle runtime:

java -truffle -jar target/spring-petclinic-<version>-SNAPSHOT.jar

When the application starts, access it on localhost:8000.

From IDE

To run a Java project on Truffle from an IDE requires setting the Java on Truffle enabled GraalVM as a project’s default JDK. For exampe, to run the Spring PetClinic project using Intellij IDEA, you need to:

1. Navigate to File, then to Project Structure. Click Project, and then click Project SDK. Expand the drop down, press Add JDK and open the folder where you installed GraalVM. For macOS users, JDK home path will be /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/{graalvm}/Contents/Home. Give it a name, and press Apply.

Intellij IDEA: Add Project Name

2. Generate sources and update folders for the project. In the Maven sidebar, click on the folder with the spinner icon:

Intellij IDEA: Generate Project Sources

3. Enable the Java on Truffle execution mode. From the main menu select Run, then Run…. Click Edit Configurations and choose Environment. Put the -truffle -XX:+IgnoreUnrecognizedVMOptions command in VM options and press Apply.

Intellij IDEA: Enable Environment Configuration

It is necessary to specify -XX:+IgnoreUnrecognizedVMOptions because Intellij automatically adds a -javaagent argument which is not supported yet.

4. Press Run.

Debugging #

You do not have to configure anything special to debug applications running Java on Truffle from your favorite IDE debugger. For example, starting a debugger session from IntelliJ IDEA is based on the Run Configurations. To ensure you attach the debugger to your Java application in the same environment, navigate in the main menu to Run -> Debug… -> Edit Configurations, expand Environment, check the JRE value and VM options values. It should show GraalVM as project’s JRE and VM options should include -truffle -XX:+IgnoreUnrecognizedVMOptions: -truffle to run Java on Truffle, and -XX:+IgnoreUnrecognizedVMOptions as a temporary workaround since the Java on Truffle runtime does not yet support attaching Java agents.

Intellij IDEA: Debug Configuration

What to Read Next #

Java on Truffle enables a seamless Java interoperability with other languages in the GraalVM ecosystem. Check the Interoperability with Truffle Languages guide to learn how to load code written in foreign languages, export and import objects between languages, how to use Java-on-Truffle objects from a foreign language and vice versa to create powerful polyglot programs.

To learn about the implementation approach, project’s current status, and known limitations proceed to Implementation Details.

You can already run some large applications like the Eclipse IDE, Scala or other languages REPLs, etc. in the Java on Truffle execution mode. We recommend having a look at the collection of Demo Applications.

If you have a question, check the available FAQs, or reach us directly over the #espresso channel in GraalVM Slack.